Hill driven

Although smoking is the main cause of COPD, unexplored research shows that patients with COPD frequently have a history of agricultural exposures.

Researchers at the Omaha Veteran’s Administration Medical centre, Omaha, NE, administered a get someone on the blower scrutinize to 150 veterans with COPD and found that 68 percent had a representation of agricultural direction.

Of these, histories of agricultural exposures included dairy farms (30 percent), hog confinement barns (21 percent), and poultry farms (12 percent). The researchers from the University of Nebraska Medical Center and the Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, in Nebraska, introduce that agricultural exposures be included in the health-protect analysis of patients living with COPD living in sylvan areas.

CHEST 2005 cut down highlights

Jennifer Stawarz
jstawarz@chestnet.org
American College of Breast Physicians
chestnet.org

MetLife announced Graduating Dental Benefits, a new recourse that increases the annual summit benefit for dental plan participants over a two or three-year spell regardless of their state yesterday. Since MetLife’s enhancement is not a rollover of unused benefit dollars, employees are encouraged to with to access appropriate levels of oral healthiness care without upsetting to “save” benefit dollars to utilize in another annals year. In addition, MetLife has enhanced its layout offerings by adding dental implants as a guidon feature on modern plans.

“The goal of a dental benefits plan is to take individuals uphold or improve their enunciated health. MetLife designed its enhancement in a way that continues to encourage people to seek meet levels of dental protection in a auspicious attitude. This is a sharp contrast to the typical maximum rollover foresee which may actually discourage people from obtaining needed services as they try to “save up” benefit dollars each year. MetLife’s Graduating Dental Benefits help all plan participants - not lawful those who may be orally vigorous or don’t submit many claims,” said Michael Schwartz, vice president, MetLife Dental Product Management.

Graduating Dental Benefits

Employers can decide to tote up MetLife’s Graduating Dental Benefits to new or existing MetLife coverage at renewal. There are no special criteria for employees to receive the additional annual better dollars beyond maintaining their enrollment in the envisage.

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The higher annual extreme fringe benefits dollars are automatically applied each year based upon the employee’s effective date. When choosing Graduating Dental Benefits, employers have the option to start plan participants at various benefit levels and graduate (increase) benefit levels at $250 or $500 increments depending upon the layout chosen. The highest annual maximum level is capped at three years or $3,000.

“MetLife kept its approach simple without a multitude of rules so that employers can realize increased dental plan satisfaction among all their employees. This is so important because dental benefits are faithfully rated among the most popular employee benefits year after year, and we have in the offing seen from MetLife research that there is a strong correlation between benefits pleasure and operation compensation,” notes Schwartz.

Dental Implants

In some clinical situations, dental implants may be the only treatment option to replace missing teeth, and, without benefit coverage, the outlying-of-pocket expense may be lofty. MetLife has recommended coverage as far as something dental implants since 2001; however some employers have been hesitant because of the charge. Because of its growing repute as a treatment privilege, MetLife has now added dental implants as part of its standard benefit gift to employers with ten or more eligible employees. And, there’s no pricing development when implants are covered as a Kind C (major restorative services) procedure and follow standard guidelines and limitations for prosthetics.

About MetLife

MetLife administers dental benefits for just about 21 million people, more than any other commercial carrier. Delivering dental benefits in the marketplace for 45 years, MetLife is dedicated to developing and sacrifice innovative consequence solutions, promoting technologies that make utilizing dental benefits easier and creating educational resources for employers, plan participants, and dentists. MetLife’s relationships within the dental community have enabled it to build a hefty Preferred Dentist Program (PDP) consisting of carefully selected habitual and specialty dentists in over 100,000 dentist locations nationwide. Furthermore, MetLife’s continuing tutelage program for the dental community has been recognized by the American Dental Organization.

MetLife is a subsidiary of MetLife, Inc. (NYSE: MET), a peerless provider of insurance and financial services with operations throughout the United States and the Latin America, Europe and Asia Pacific regions. From top to bottom its major-domo and worldwide subsidiaries and affiliates, MetLife, Inc. reaches more than 70 million customers thither the world and MetLife is the largest life insurer in the Communal States (based on passion insurance in-force). The MetLife companies make life insurance, annuities, auto and home insurance, retail banking and other financial services to individuals, as well as group insurance, reinsurance and retirement & savings products and services to corporations and other institutions.

http://www.metlife.com

In one go Alyssa Tushman knew her young son would not become more pleasing to mature up motherless, her next without question was whether he would be an only daughter.

Tushman was 27 and a new mother when she was diagnosed with stage III breast cancer. After aggressive treatment – including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, a double mastectomy and reconstructive surgery – Tushman was happy to learn that another baby would be possible. And today, she’s pregnant with her third child.

Most women are in their 50s or older and thinking about grandchildren when they are diagnosed with breast cancer. But what about that increasing number of women in their 20s and 30s who are diagnosed at a point when they are dating, getting married and just starting their family?

Despite toxic chemotherapy regimens that can mess with ovarian function, it is possible – and safe – for many women to conceive after breast cancer treatment, according to Daniel F. Hayes, M.D., clinical director of the breast oncology program at the University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center.

“Fertility is something we talk to patients about. We try to give them their odds. That discussion is going to be specific for each patient, because it depends how old she is, whether she should get chemotherapy, what kind of chemotherapy, and whether she cares about maintaining fertility,� Hayes says. “Most of us in the field have not been discouraging women from becoming pregnant. What we have learned more are some of the caveats.�

Several factors will affect ovarian function after cancer treatment, including whether a woman receives chemotherapy. Most chemotherapies do have an adverse effect on ovarian function, but a woman’s age has a lot to do with that, Hayes says. Younger women have a much greater chance of regaining their periods after treatment than women closer to menopause.

Tushman’s period returned about three months after she finished treatment. She was diagnosed with breast cancer just four months after giving birth to her first son.

“I was terrified my son was going to grow up without his mother. That was the worst, scariest part of the whole thing,â€? says Tushman, now 31. A year after her treatment ended, she easily got pregnant. Now she’s pregnant for a third time.

“Getting pregnant for the second time was a big decision. As much as I wanted it, we were told by my oncologists it’s a big decision. Because if, God forbid, my cancer comes back, I had to discuss with my husband whether he’d be OK as a single parent with two or three children. We decided it was worth it. I don’t want to live like I’m going to die,â€? Tushman says.

For some women, newer hormone-based therapies can further affect fertility. These drugs are often given for longer periods of time, up to five years. To become pregnant, women would have to stop taking the hormone therapy for a period of time.

“That’s something I discourage women from doing because the benefits of the therapy are so great,â€? Hayes says.

If a woman does become pregnant after breast cancer treatment, it does not seem to have an effect on her health or the baby’s health. Studies show the risk of birth defects or miscarriages is not any higher in a woman who has had chemotherapy.

Pregnancy also is not likely to cause a woman’s breast cancer to return. At the same time, any traces of breast cancer that may be in a woman’s bloodstream have never been shown to cross into the baby’s.

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Tushman is thrilled with her decision to have more children and says she has learned never to take life for granted.

“My boys are amazing. They are the light of my life and my husband’s life. We love every minute of it, we really do,â€? she says.

About breast cancer:

180,510 Americans choice be diagnosed with breast cancer this year.
40,910 Americans liking pay the debt of nature from titty cancer this year. It is the third-best lead to of cancer death for women in the Collective States.
When caught in its earliest stages, breast cancer can be cured in 80 percent of women.
Once a year mammograms are recommended for all women older than 50.
Never ignore a lump or change in the look or feel of your breast.

http://www.med.umich.edu/

Combining pre-operative chemotherapy and surgery increases the regular chance of survival at five years by approximately 6% compared with surgery solitarily.

This conclusion was drawn by a team of Cochrane Researchers from the MRC Clinical Trials Unit in London after they identified 12 eligible randomised controlled trials. Data from seven of these trials were available from trial reports and were combined in a meta-analysis. The seven trials involved a total of 988 patients.

“This is currently the best estimate of the effectiveness of this therapy, but is based on a relatively small number of trials and patients,” says lead researcher Sarah Burdett.

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There was, however, insufficient data to break the patients down into sub-groups and see whether the effectiveness varies for different types of patients or stages of the disease.

This research is important because around the world more than a million new cases of lung cancer are diagnosed each year, around 80% of which are non-small cell lung cancer. In addition, many patients are only diagnosed after the disease has progressed, so survival rates across all stages of disease tend to be fairly low at around 14%, with only a quarter of patients being suitable for surgery.

The Cochrane Systematic Review found that using chemotherapy before surgery can reduce the size of tumours making the surgery simpler, and increasing the number of patients who may be candidates for surgery. The worry is, however, that having a course of chemotherapy delays the operation, and could therefore leave patients at risk of allowing the tumour to spread.

“The data suggest that the benefits of the chemotherapy outweigh the risks associated with the delay,” says Burdett

A project to collect complete data on all patients included in all trials is ongoing and will be able to fully assess the value of this treatment.

http://www.interscience.wiley.com

Monogram
Biosciences, Inc. (Nasdaq: MGRM) today announced 20 presentations related
to its portfolio of HIV diagnostic assays at the 14th Annual Meeting on
Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI). Materials presented at the
conference demonstrate the important role played by Monogram’s HIV assays in
delivering personalized patient care by providing disparaging data that
facilitates physician guidance of tolerant treatment regimens and assists
pharmaceutical companies in their ability to blossom unusual drugs and budding stupefy
classes. Full text of the presentations can be organize at
http://www.retroconference.org.

“Important condition III matter was presented at CROI by Pfizer on their
investigational CCR5 enemy and by Merck on their investigational
integrase inhibitor,” said William Naive, CEO of Monogram. “The advent of
two new classes of HIV drugs is potentially the most significant
development for HIV patients in a decade and I am proud that Monogram’s
assays are playing a critical enabling role in the condition of these
drugs and in determining their clinical utility.”

Monogram’s assays were used to optimize background cure in the
clinical trials of both reborn drugs and in the case of maraviroc, Pfizer’s
CCR5 antagonist, Monogram’s Trofile Assay was used for patient choice
and enabled the positive results reported by Pfizer at CROI. “Pfizer’s
phase III results indicate that patients, when properly selected with our
assay, responded to maraviroc, and master a significant reduction in
viral lade,” continued Unsophisticated. “Data at one time reported by Pfizer indicate
that patients who are identified with our Trofile Assay as not being
appropriate in regard to the drug, in fact, did not respond to maraviroc.” Maraviroc
has been granted accelerated post-mortem by U.S., Canadian and European
regulators, and if approved, would be the first new oral birth of HIV
medicines in more than a decade.

“The liberality and perspicaciousness of the thorough data presented at CROI by
Monogram scientists and collaborators demonstrate the posture of strong
scientific direction that is Monogram’s plate-mark,” said Christos
Petropoulos, Chief Painstaking Lawman at Monogram.

Evidence presented at CROI highlight noted unknown findings interdependent to
Monogram’s advanced HIV assays:

Monogram’s Co-Receptor Tropism Assay, Trofile

— Maraviroc phase III trials validated the positive predictive value of
the Trofile assay. Because maraviroc cannot inhibit the replication of
all HIV strains, Trofile was in use accustomed to to single out those subjects most reasonable
to respond to the pharmaceutical (individuals with a viral overburden that only
enters cells via the CCR5 co-receptor.) Subjects unlikely to reply to
maraviroc (those with a viral injury that uses the CXCR4 co-receptor to
record cells) were excluded from the trials. This allowed Pfizer to
demonstrate maraviroc’s compelling antiviral labour using a delineated
subset of swotting subjects that are infected with HIV strains that
utilize the CCR5 co-receptor, the target of maraviroc. . Without pre-
screening for co-receptor tropism, the antiviral activity of maraviroc
would accept been diluted by the counting of subjects unpromising to
respond to the benumb, especially in the extremely treatment capable
subjects that were targeted in the Pfizer trials. In a head to head
comparative studio, Trofile assay results were highly concordant with
the results generated by well-established conventional testing that is
more repetitive and time consuming to knock off. Notably, the orthodox
assay (MT2 cell syncytia formation assay) failed to generate results
for approximately 50% of the samples that were successfully tested by
the Trofile assay. This demonstrates how valuable Trofile purpose be to
clinicians should maraviroc and other co-receptor inhibitors be given
regulatory recommend sanction.

— The 20-40% of HIV strains classified as dual or opposite involved tropic (that is,
can use CCR5 and/or CXCR4 receptors to enter cells) by the Trofile
assay show a broad range of ability to use either co-receptor to
infect wholesome cells. To originate to understand whether viral entry
inhibitors (CCR5 or CXCR4 antagonists) last wishes as work in some fraction of
patients infected with dual-contradictory tropic HIV, two studies from Monogram
evaluated divers subgroups of dual tropic virus populations. These
many dual tropic subgroups were shown to utilize CXCR4 and CCR5
co-receptors with different efficiencies and respond differently to
CCR5 or CXCR4 inhibitors. This variation could collide with resolute responses
to co-receptor inhibitors, such as maraviroc, in subjects infected with
dual-mixed tropic virus.

Optimizing Antitretroviral (ARV) treatment using PhenoSense GT Assay

— Sustaining durable patient feedback to unfamiliar drugs in development
requires a potent unseen regimen that includes active protease and
reversal transcriptase inhibitors. Clinical programs by Pfizer, Merck
and Gilead continued to reason Monogram’s assay to optimize horizon
regimens, ensuring persistent and potent responses to their downer
candidates.

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— Materials from late tier clinical trials of very many new antiretroviral
drugs including maraviroc (Pfizer, CCR5 antagonist), raltegravir
(Merck, integrase inhibitor), elvitegravir (Gilead, integrase
inhibitor) continued to describe the clinical perks of selecting
ARV treatment regimens using the PhenoSense GT Assay.
— Placebo arms of these trials supplemental demonstrated the clinical better
of optimizing ARV therapy with PhenoSense GT. Several large studies
have now demonstrated that tied subjects who only welcome an optimized
background regimen (with no investigational drug candidate) on average
feel a 10-fold reduction in viral replication (1 log reduction in
viral load). Furthermore, nearly half of treatment-experienced patients
who initiate a new PhenoSense GT-selected regimen choose fully suppress
viral activity in the face multiple earlier treatment failures.

Monogram’s virus library and database

– Testing Tibotec, Inc.’s recently approved protease inhibitor darunavir
(DRV) along with other protease inhibitors against profuse thousands of
drug-proof against strains selected from Monogram’s virus library
(currently comprised of >175,000 viruses), investigators were able to
demonstrate that DRV exhibits sound antiviral interest against HIV
strains resistant to most other drugs in this class.

— Monogram and Tibotec investigators also reported lower and upper
cutoffs for darunavir work. The PhenoSense assay reports HIV
susceptibility to drugs, correlating plump ARV activity to
susceptibility below the modulate cutoff, prejudiced activity to
susceptibility between discount and destitute cutoffs, and no activity to
susceptibility above the upper cutoff. PhenoSense and PhenoSense GT
assays are the only HIV drug resistance test that in a little while correlates
clinical return to a aim compute of drug susceptibility.

— A panel of viruses selected using Monogram’s database representing
viruses resistant to currently used protease inhibitors was used to
demonstrate the favorable susceptibility behoof of Gilead Science’s
novel protease inhibitor (GS-9137).

Virus diversity and evolution

— Several Monogram studies at CROI describe the characteristics of HIV
strains and perseverant response over progressive stages of infection.
According to these studies, acute and early stages of infection are
characterized by comparatively homogeneous virus populations that later
diversify in the face of evolving inoculated responses.

— By further characterizing those viruses that efficiently spread, or
that manage to evade progressing immune surveillance, we expect to
supply add to to the improved design and development of an effective
vaccine.

In Monogram Biosciences, Inc.

Monogram is advancing individualized medicine by discovering,
developing and marketing innovative products to guide and improve treatment
of serious infectious diseases and cancer. The Company’s products are
designed to help doctors optimize treatment regimens for their patients
that produce lead on to better outcomes and reduced costs. The Company’s technology is
also being used by numerous biopharmaceutical companies to develop new and
improved antiviral therapeutics and vaccines as well as targeted cancer
therapeutics. More information surrounding the Company and its technology can be
inaugurate on its web site at http://www.monogrambio.com.

Forward-Looking Statements

Constant statements in this seethe report are despatch-looking. These
flippant-looking statements include references to the embryonic for an HIV
numb that requires a molecular diagnostic for steadfast selection, expected
protection money provided by patents, and activities expected to take place in
connection with the Pfizer collaboration. These accelerate-looking statements
are subject to risks and uncertainties and other factors, which may cause
actual results to fall out materially from the anticipated results or other
expectations expressed in such deasil-looking statements. These risks and
uncertainties include, but are not limited to: the risk that regulatory
authorities may not demand or acceptable a molecular diagnostic for patient
excerpt for an HIV drug, risks related to the implementation of the
collaboration with Pfizer; risks kindred to our ability to recognize
revenue from activities under the collaboration with Pfizer; risks and
uncertainties relating to the acting of our products; the broadening in
revenues; the size, timing and success or default of any clinical trials
as a remedy for CCR5 antagonists, entry inhibitors or integrase inhibitors; the acquisition of
our Trofile co-receptor tropism assay inasmuch as lenient benefit in the event of
right of any CCR5 antagonists; our skills to introduce infallible,
principal-volume operations at commercially right costs; expected reliance
on a hardly customers for the majority of our revenues; the annual renewal of
certain customer agreements; actual market acceptance of our products and
adoption of our technological access and products by pharmaceutical and
biotechnology companies; our viewpoint of the size of our markets; our
estimates of the levels of want for our products; the impact of
struggle; whether payors desire authorize reimbursement in favour of our products
and services; whether the FDA or any other activity will decide to additional
regulate our products or services, whether the delineate guidance on
Multivariate Index Assays recently issued by FDA applies to our stylish or
planned products; whether we settle upon encounter problems or delays in
automating our processes; the concluding validity and enforceability of our
patent applications and patents; the possible violation of the
intellectual acreage of others; whether licenses to third club technology
will be readily obtainable; whether we are able to construct disgrace loyalty and expand
revenues; restrictions on the conduct of our business imposed by the Pfizer
and Merrill Lynch owing agreements; and whether we whim be proficient to raise
adequate capital in the expected, if required. For a discussion of other
factors that may cause realistic events to depart from those projected, please
refer to our most recent annual explore on Approach 10-K and four times a year reports
on Form 10-Q, as extravagantly as other resulting filings with the Securities and
Exchange Commission. We do not promise, and specifically disclaim any
obligation, to update any clockwise-looking statements to send the
occurrence of anticipated or unanticipated events or circumstances after
the date of such statements.

Trofile, Phenosense, Phenosense GT, and Geneseq are trademarks of
Monogram Biosciences, Inc.

Monogram Biosciences, Inc.
http://www.monogrambio.com

Smoking is a more harmful behavior for women compared to men. This is especially so in regards to the jeopardize of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): an umbrella term of a wander of lung disorders, some of which are irreversible.

A muse about in Respirology published by Wiley-Blackwell surveyed almost 30,000 respondents to examine the group between COPD and the tons of cigarettes smoked.

Results from the published study show a lineal correlation between the amount of cigarettes smoked and the imperil of developing COPD. The study also revealed that women smokers run a significantly higher peril of developing COPD, as compared to their male counterparts who smoked the same amount.

Dr. Fei Xu, lead author of the paper “Better Understanding the Influence of Cigarette Smoking and Indoor With Pollution on Chronic Pulmonary Plague: A Case-Control Con in Mainland China” says, “It is not only the behavior of smoking but also the number of cigarettes smoked that can significantly increase the imperil of developing COPD - particularly if you are a woman.”

COPD is most over again associated with tobacco smoking and is a particular of the most common global public vigorousness problems. It is the fourth leading create of death worldwide and currently the two shakes of a lamb’s tail most base reason of death in mainland China where the bone up on was held.

Dr Xu adds. “This experimentation facilitates policy-makers in formulating policies combat smoking in the general population - as a result reducing the burden of COPD on the collective healthiness process. The findings also serve as a warning for smokers, especially women, to quit up smoking.”

About Respirology

Respirology is a journal of international stagnant, publishing duchess-reviewed articles of scientific excellence in clinical and hypothetical respiratory biology and disease and its coordinated fields of research including thoracic surgery, internal physic, immunology, intensive and critical care, epidemiology, cell and molecular biology, pathology, pharmacology and physiology.

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About Wiley-Blackwell

Wiley-Blackwell was formed in February 2007 as a occur of the acquisition of Blackwell Publishing Ltd. by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., and its combination with Wiley’s Well-organized, Technological, and Medical business. Together, the companies sooner a be wearing created a global publishing business with deep aptitude in every major lettered and licensed field. Wiley-Blackwell publishes approximately 1,400 profound noblewoman-reviewed journals and an extensive collection of books with universal appeal. For more information on Wiley-Blackwell, delight call http://www.blackwellpublishing.com or http://interscience.wiley.com.

About Wiley

Founded in 1807, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. has been a valued source of information and sense for 200 years, helping people around the clique meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations. Since 1901, Wiley and its acquired companies partake of published the works of more than 350 Nobel laureates in all categories: Data, Economics, Physiology/Medicine, Chemistry and Peace.

Our core businesses catalogue scientific, technical, medical and longhair journals, encyclopedias, books, and online products and services; professional/trade publishes books, pledge products, training materials, and online applications and websites; and revelatory materials suited for undergraduate and graduate students and lifelong learners. Wiley’s global headquarters are located in Hoboken, New Jersey, with operations in the U.S., Europe, Asia, Canada, and Australia. The Company’s Web site can be accessed at http://www.wiley.com. The Company is listed on the New York Extraction Exchange protection the symbols JWa and JWb.

Polyphenon Pharma, an emerging
enquire-based pharmaceutical company, announced that the Food and
Treatment Administration (FDA) has granted Orphan Drug Designation to its
botanical drug, Polyphenon E(R), for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic
leukemia (CLL). A Inject II study is currently underway at the Mayo Clinic
in Rochester, Minnesota where researchers are studying the effects of an
enunciated daily dose of Polyphenon E in CLL patients.

“The FDA Orphan Drug Designation for Polyphenon E represents a
significant milestone in the situation of this medicament,” said Stig Ogata,
Polyphenon Pharma’s Chief Operating Manager. “Orphan drug status provides
incentives that can avoid accelerate the development prepare of Polyphenon E
as an oral treatment for patients with CLL. This in moulder could while away to
other potential development opportunities for this drug in the area of
oncology.”

The FDA grants Orphan Numb Designation to foster biotechnology and
pharmaceutical companies to strengthen products that demonstrate promise as a remedy for
the treatment of rare diseases affecting fewer than 200,000 people in the
United States. This designation will nickname Polyphenon Pharma to seven
years of marketing exclusivity for the drug upon FDA approval.

Polyphenon E contains highly characterized catechins that are extracted
from green tea leaves through a proprietary course of action. The direct catechin
in Polyphenon E, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), has been shown to counterfeit
innumerable processes in the body related to abnormal cellular activity that can
premier to cancer. Preclinical studies indicate that the catechins nearest in
Polyphenon E may have multiple methods of action.

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About CLL

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) is a type of cancer of the blood and
bone marrow that progresses more slowly than shooting leukemia. It affects a
group of white blood cells called lymphocytes, which typically fight
infection. Each year, about 10,000 people in the United States are
diagnosed with CLL.

About Polyphenon Pharma

Polyphenon Pharma is a privately held subsidiary of the Japanese
company, Mitsui Norin Co., Ltd., which discovered and manufactures the
botanical drug Polyphenon E. Headquartered in Fresh York, NY, Polyphenon
Pharma focuses on the clinical development of Polyphenon E across a broad
spectrum of therapeutic areas in which it has imminent activity, including
infectious disease/virology, urology, neurology, and oncology. The
Company’s two-stage approach to pursuing the occupied potential of Polyphenon E
is to use its own resources to go on drug candidates with the aid Phase II
clinical trials or proof-of-concept studies and then seek far-reaching
pharmaceutical partners to unmixed late-the boards development and
commercialization in multiple countries. More information is available at
http://www.polyphenon-pharma.com

This press save contains forward-looking statements that involve
significant risks and uncertainties. The actual results, performance or
achievements of the Company weight be dissimilar materially from the results,
performance or achievements of the Company expressed or implied by such
forward-looking statements. Such forward-looking statements include,
without limitation, those regarding the development plans of the Company
and the expected results of our phenomenon. We can stock up no assurance
that such advancement longing proceed as currently anticipated or that the
expected results of such development will be realized. We are cause to undergo to
distinct risks, including the uncertainties of clinical trials, numb
development and regulatory review, the early stage of our product
candidates, our reliance on collaborative partners, our need for additional
capital to fund our operations, our the good old days of losses, and other risks
indigenous to the biopharmaceutical diligence.

Polyphenon Pharma
http://www.polyphenon-pharma.com

The first detailed structure of a botulism toxin attached to its objective protein reveals that the toxin snakes the protein
around itself - a sort of “reverse anaconda” - to do homage the receptor. The green studies give away how the toxins that ideal
botulism and tetanus can allow and disparagement particular nerve cell proteins at the neuromuscular junction, which leads to
paralysis.

The researchers said their findings could lead to recent knowledge that could speed the development of drugs to congest botulism
or tetanus toxins more rapidly in cases that organize progressed beyond the stage at which antibiotics are actual.

Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator Axel T. Brunger and graduate student Notability Breidenbach at Stanford University
reported their findings December 12, 2004, in an advance online magazine in the periodical Creation.

The neurotoxins from bacteria that cause the paralysis associated with both botulism and tetanus contain enzymes called
proteases that cleave specific nerve cell proteins. The nerve room proteins are called SNAREs, which are key components of
the machinery that nerve cells use to fire bursts of neurotransmitter chemicals to trigger neighboring nerves or activate
muscle cells. Without SNAREs, nerve function is blocked.

Neurotoxin proteases that act by cleaving SNARE proteins are powerfully distinct payment their targets - meaning that each toxin
specifically recognizes and attacks one of three sundry neuronal SNARE proteins. Since most of these toxin proteases have
virtually the for all that structures at the regions that perform the cleavage, or nimble sites, a key question has been how they
realize their particular targets, Brunger said.

What was known previously is that other regions of the neurotoxin protein, which they called “exosites,” effectiveness be involved in
target recognition. However, the location and shape of these exosites were uncharted. To search for the location of the
exosites, Breidenbach created crystals of a critical botulinum neurotoxin booked to its end SNARE. The researchers
determined the structure of the fixed proteins using x-flash diffraction, a generally cast-off analytical technic whereby beams of
x-rays are directed through crystallized proteins. The resulting pattern of diffraction is analyzed to deduce the protein’s
atomic nature.

Their structural critique revealed that the neurotoxin wraps itself in a segment of the CAPTURE protein by attaching at
numerous exosites. This interaction enables the toxin to recognize the SEIZE protein with exalted specificity, said Brunger.

“Our structure has shown representing the first dated that it’s a mere extensive interaction on the protein surface, set the Thames on fire from the
active site, that actually determines specificity,” said Brunger. “This enormous interaction is terribly exceptional by reason of a protease.
Up to this characteristic, it’s the largest known interface area for such a complex, with numerous points of contact.”

Another notable finding, said Brunger, was that binding of the toxin to its target causes significant conformational swop
of the enzyme, which fairly likely activates its ability to cleave the protein.

When the researchers compared the amino acid sequences of the ilk of botulinum toxin they studied with other known toxin
sequences, they build that the region they had start to touch the ENTRAP was variable. They theorize that such differences
among toxins give them their specificity in the course of their target SNAREs; number toxins that recognize the same SNARE, amino acid
variations in the contact region dominion allow each to slit its target at different sites.

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According to Brunger, the uncovering of the mechanism by which the toxins recognize their aim proteins could provide new
information that will aid in developing drugs that can block the toxins more quickly. “Finding these remote exosites suggests
the possibility of developing drugs that could compete with the toxin for an exosite and disrupt the protease’s cleverness to
engage in battle its goal,” he said. “Such a slip someone a Mickey Finn would conduct oneself right now before you can say ‘Jack Robinson’ it crossed into the cell. And it would not interfere
with other important similar proteases in the cell, because it wouldn’t be attacking the active site of the enzyme itself.”

While this kind of drug could prove valuable in treating unpunctually-stage botulism or tetanus, noted Brunger, outstanding antibiotics
and vaccines already be to treat the diseases in most cases, if they are caught early.

In further studies, the researchers will extend their analysis to tetanus toxins, and to the other types of botulinum toxins.
Such studies, he said, could reveal differences in how the toxins recognize their targets.

“These bacteria have developed very clever enzymatic machines for recognizing proteins, and it may be practicable, given our
structural education, to lower these proteases for clinical use,” Brunger said. “An intriguing capacity would be to use
their specificity as the basis for enzymes engineered to attack proteins involved in disease”.

Get hold of: Jim Keeley
keeleyj@hhmi.org
301-215-8858
Howard Hughes Medical Institute

President Bush’s “moral objection” to human embryonic retard cubicle study is “hypocritical,” Michael Hadjiargyrou — an associate professor of biomedical engineering, genetics and orthopedics at Stony Brook University in Unripe York — writes in a Further York Times letter to the editor (Hadjiargyrou, New York Times, 4/17). Federal funding benefit of human embryonic against stall research is allowed alone over the extent of research using embryonic stem chamber lines created on or before Aug. 9, 2001, secondary to a policy announced by Bush on that date. Bush has threatened to veto legislation (S 5), which passed the Senate last week, that would allow federal funding for probe using go cells derived from altruist embryos originally created for the benefit of fertility treatments and willingly donated by patients. Bush has said that the bill “crosses a honest edge that [he] and many others gain troubling” (Kaiser Common Women’s Health Policy Report, 4/12). Bush “had no incorrigible starting and supporting a make that has caused the deaths of thousands and did not utterance any demurrer to the death penalty when 131 prisoners were executed while he was governor of Texas,” Hadjiargyrou writes. He concludes that “in Bush’s ideological world, protecting laboratory-created cells is far more important than preserving the lives of the people who might be treated for diseases, disorders and trauma as a conclude of embryonic stem cell research” (New York Times, 4/17).

“Reprinted with permission from http://www.kaisernetwork.org. You can watch the entire Kaiser Daily Health Action Record, search the archives, or initials up repayment for email presentation at http://www.kaisernetwork.org/dailyreports/healthpolicy. The Kaiser Daily Salubrity Policy Check up on is published for kaisernetwork.org, a unceremonious advice of The Henry J. Kaiser Progenitors Foundation . © 2005 Advisory Cabinet Group and Kaiser Genus Foundation. All rights retiring.

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There are hordes of drug treatment centers in aid days. If you are looking for medicament treatment center to eliminate the grave addiction from your life, then selecting the best center to seek treat treatment can befit very confusing. Therefore, most of you people might be philosophical as how to select the ideal in unison from such centers. Moreover, individuals who want immediate attention may gain it hard to select the drug treatment center that suits their needs.

Therefore, here is brief information about drug treatment centers. Study it and select the one that suits you or your closed ones.

Short-Term Drug Treatment Centers: If you wish to get rid of the drug addiction within a matter of weeks, then short-term drug treatment centers are for you. The duration of such drug treatment centers, vary from three to six weeks. The drug treatment program of such centers is designed in a way that requires you to complete a 12-step plan.

Most short-term drug treatment centers scan the physical, mental, behavioral as well as emotional level of the addicted individuals. Using this basis, they design the customized drug treatment for them.

When you enroll in such drug treatment center, you are required to undergo the 12-step treatment by making up your mind that you will come out successful. You will have to participate in various meetings, sessions and exercises conducted by the drug treatment center. The information as well as the sessions offered in such drug treatment center is very informative and educative. Later on after the successful completion of the course, a follow up drug treatment is given to you, which you can seek as an outpatient facility from any drug treatment center.

Detoxification treatment: If you are recently started taking drugs or hooked to alcohol, then you need to opt for detoxification treatment. You may seek to choose the detoxification treatment offered by several medical centers or laboratories. This drug treatment programs assist you to combat the problem of addiction, which is impossible to leave it on your own. Detoxification drug treatment is carried out under the watchful eye of medical supervisor. The officials who carry out this treatment must posses a medical professional certificate. This drug treatment program may also consider the emotional side of you.

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Long-Term Drug Treatment Centers: This sort of drug treatment center carries out the drug treatments that last for one year or two years. You may seek the services of such centers all year round. The drug treatment program considers the behavioral side of you. The counselors then take into account the psychological reaction of the addicted individuals and decide the further sessions.

To opt for long-term drug treatment centers you will have to stay in the facility center. The lengthy duration is a part of the drug treatment. It ensures that the individual is capable of reconstructing as well as remobilizing his or her life on a regular basis. Moreover, it helps the addicted individuals to steer away from relapse of drugs.

If you cannot make it to the drug treatment centers only because of time constraints or other responsibilities, then you may avail drug treatment as outpatient. However, it is your responsibility to attend all the sessions organized by drug treatment centers.

For more information about drug treatment and drug rehabilitation, please visit Cliffsidemalibu.com. Cliffside malibu is a California’s premiere drug treatment center.